Within two recent decades, the complexity of business environment, dynamics, uncertainty and higher environmental fluctuations, concepts such as globalization and increasing competition made many changes in the equations ruling on the INDUSTRIES supply chain. In such conditions, the businesses must make themselves ready for encountering the continuous flow of challenges such as economic crises, sanctions, exchange rate and prices fluctuations, limitations of manufacturing system or natural disasters. “ Resiliency” is one of strategies for dealing with such challenges. The present study aims to review the studies based on the strategic position of PHARMACEUTICAL industry as a part of society’ s health system and present here the resilient supply chain model. For this purpose, in addition to contemplating in the literature review, interview to the experts and using Delphi method, the resilient elements and indices of supply chain were identified and extracted, and a questionnaire was designed and provided to the population of PHARMACEUTICAL industry. The results were analyzed using structural Equations modeling technique and Lisrel software, and the proposed model of research was accepted upon explaining the associations between factors. This model studied the relationship between elements such as drivers, vulnerabilities, capabilities and empowerments of supply chain and their effect on each other. Summary of study indicates that the managers of PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES through making or using the capabilities and strengthening the empowerments can reduce the factors that make the companies susceptible for the disruption, and achieve the required resiliency to deal with them.

Carbon storage is a strategy that helps to reduce atmospheric carbon and reform of climate change consequences. In the present study, the carbon sequestration potential of the PHARMACEUTICAL industry _ Jashirmountain pastures Khalyfan Mahabad region, was studied. The study area Jashir site, four transects 100 m along each transect 5 randomly spaced 20 m plots, were carried out systematically. Jashir biomasses in all plots were measured by Cutting and weighing method. At the beginning and end of each transect, profiles in both 0-15 and 15-30 were drilled. Samples were sent to the laboratory and carbon storage rates for each of them were determined. The results indicate that in soil Jashir of Second depth, there is a greater proportion of carbon storage. Significant at the 5% level, there is a meaningful gap between air and ground carbon storage in biomass is observed. The contribution of carbon storage INDUSTRIES - PHARMACEUTICAL Jashir it is more than biomass.

Despite of Iran's position as one of the leading countries in the production of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.), the extraction of spearmint essential oil (SEO) and its use in food and PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES are faced with challenges such as non-uniformity of product and low amount of two valuable compounds of carvone and limonene. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of obtaining SEO with more than 75% carvone, as well as designing and simulating the extraction process with high economic efficiency. After determining the components of the raw SEO and modelling the standardized SEO, the characteristics of the batch fractional distillation tower and the equipment required for the operation were modelled, and dynamic operations were simulated. The operational design of the process was performed based on the processed simulator (Aspen PLUS V.10), and its performance was analyzed. During the simulation, from 40 Kg of input feed with about 50% carvone, 18.2 Kg of standardized SEO with more than 75% carvone can be obtained. According to the results, the optimum condenser temperature and return flow to achieve maximum purity in the shortest time for the low weight compounds were 25-30°C and 3.1 ratios. The increasing temperature of the column tower caused increasing the amount of carvone in the pot and the amount of limonene in the receiver. However, the excessive temperature had an adverse effect on the output product; it reduced the amount of limonene in the receiver and increased undesirable components. Finally, the results obtained in this research can be a guide for researchers and INDUSTRIES to produce SEO with the desired characteristics and be helpful in designing pilot and industrial systems for essential oil extraction and standardization of other medicinal and aromatic plants.

Considering importance of industrial wastewater and related environmental pollutions, this study was carried out to evaluate quantity and quality of wastewater of 20 food and PHARMACEUTICAL factories among 77 INDUSTRIES (comprise totally 20.3% of INDUSTRIES). For quantitative evaluation, consumed water and generated wastewater and for qualitative evaluation BOD5 and TSS were studied. The results showed that 20 Studied food and PHARMACEUTICAL factories consume 7,876,346 m3 water annually, of Which 25 - 95% with average 69% was converted to wastewater and the total annual rate of wastewater produced in both types of INDUSTRIES was 5,454,154m3. It is estimated that annual water consumption and wastewater generation for all of food and PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES of Tehran is 10.33 million m3and 7.5 million m3, respectively. Considering water consumption, oil manufacturing, beverage, dairy and PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES with consumption of 36.3%, 29.3%, 14.2% and 7.14% of total volume, rank 1st to 4th, respectively. In the case of wastewater generation, beverage, oil manufacturing, dairy and PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES with generation of 34%, 30.31%, 14.44% and 5.66% of total volume, rank 1st to 4th respectively. The most pollutant wastewater regarding to organic material is alcohol industry with BOD5 = 44000 mg/l. Average of BOD5 for studied INDUSTRIES regardless of alcohol industry was 558 mg/l. During the study, 60% of studied INDUSTRIES had not wastewater treatment plant (WTP) and only 10% (2 units), had WTP with good performance. In 30% of industrial units the performance of WTP were poor or without any efficiency. A great volume of industrial effluents with high pollution potential is discharged into rivers or wells of the region, which would result pollution of the region.

Background and Aim: Food is the fundamental need of human life and has nutrients that support growth and health. Gastrointestinal tract microbiota includes beneficial microorganisms which have therapeutic effects and are known as probiotics. The studies on appropriate probiotic strains have led to the separation and identification of specific metabolic byproducts of probiotics known as postbiotics. Materials and Methods In this review study, relevant data were collected by searching for the keywords of "probiotics, postbiotics, immune system, bioactivity, disease, health improvement, food and PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES" in the Web of Science, PubMed, Medline and Scopus databases. All articles related to experimental studies were included in the study and articles without full text were excluded. Results: The probiotics must maintain their survival against inappropriate growth conditions of the processing, storage, distribution, preparation, and digestive system so that they can exert their beneficial effects on health. Conversely, probiotic metabolites can successfully overcome these unfavorable conditions and maybe a good alternative to probiotics. Considering their specific chemical structure, safety, long shelf-life, and the fact that they contain various signaling molecules, postbiotics may have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, inhibitory effect on abnormal cell proliferation, and antioxidant activities. Conclusions: Postbiotics can mimic the fundamental and clinical role of probiotics, and due to their unique characteristics, they can be used in a delivery system (PHARMACEUTICAL/functional foods) to achieve health-promotion objectives and also prevention, and treatment of diseases.

Medication is known as the main and the most effective factor in improving public health. On the other hand, having a strong and effective PHARMACEUTICAL industry will, to a very large extent, guarantee people′s health. Therefore, this study was prospected to review the different PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES around the world and propose a model for the context of Iran. This is a qualitative as well as a comparative study which was carried out in 2015. At the first stage, using the World Bank website, countries were divided into four groups of low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income economies. Then, four countries of Afghanistan, India, Brazil, and Canada were chosen from these four groups, respectively. Secondly, data gathered from these countries were given to two 12-member expert panels. Finally, using the articles and the results of expert panel groups, useful and effective policies were extracted for the growth and development of Iran′s PHARMACEUTICAL industry. Findings of the study indicated that the following seven items are the essential policies for the context of Iran: establishment of high academic centers as well as research institutes, using weak patent law, supporting research and development centers at universities and PHARMACEUTICAL companies, backing national PHARMACEUTICAL companies up, implementing generic rules, gradual economic liberalization, and membership in world trade organization. Since, PHARMACEUTICAL industry is an effective and inseparable part of every health system, proper and evidence-based policies should be taken into account in order to develop this industry and, ultimately, meet the public needs.

Introduction: Todays, business model innovation (BMI) is one of the basic business solutions to respond to environmental dynamics and increase the competitiveness of firms. The present study aims to provide a framework for innovation in the business model of the PHARMACEUTICAL industry with a design thinking (DT) approach. Methods: The approach of the present study is qualitative and inductive-exploratory and is applied in terms of purpose. According to the strategy of case study of PHARMACEUTICAL industry, semi-structured interview was selected as the method of data collection. Non-probabilistic sampling method has been selected from purposive sampling method based on snowball sampling method. Statistical community of this study,Managers, consultants (internal and external) and employees of established companies and businesses in the PHARMACEUTICAL industry, specializing in the areas of design, innovation, R&D, business management and development. Cognitive mapping method has been used to analyze the data. Results: Based on the view of the process owners and the existing theoretical literature, the integrated BMI process framework of the PHARMACEUTICAL industry with the DT approach has five stages: 1-start, 2-inspiration, 3-idea generation, 4-integration and 5-implementation. Conclusion: DT is an approach that can be combined with other BMI tools to innovate in the established PHARMACEUTICAL business model.